Activación del cerebelo por estimulación olfativa en ratas macho sexualmente inexpertas / Activation of the cerebellum by olfactory stimulation in sexually naive male rats

Introducción: El cerebelo es una estructura que se ha vinculado con múltiples funciones, tales como control motor, cognición, memoria y procesamiento emocional. En cuanto a su relación con los sistemas sensoriales no está claro el papel que desempeña en relación con el sentido del olfato. Suponemos que las ratas macho sexualmente inexpertas presentarán un incremento en la actividad neuronal del vermis cerebelar tras ser estimuladas con olor de hembra receptiva y almendra. Métodos: Comparamos la actividad de la capa granular del vermis cerebelar mediante la inmunorreactividad a Fos tras estimulación olfativa. Esta estimulación se realizó durante 60 min en cámaras cúbicas de acrílico con un doble fondo. Los estímulos fueron aserrín limpio, con esencia de almendra y proveniente de la cama de hembras receptivas. Finalmente los machos fueron anestesiados con pentobarbital sódico intraperitoneal. El tejido cerebelar fue fijado con paraformaldehído para su posterior análisis inmunohistoquímico. Resultados: El número de células inmunorreactivas a Fos en todos los lóbulos del vermis cerebelar de los grupos estimulados con almendra y hembra receptiva fue similar, pero mayor comparado con el grupo de aserrín limpio. Conclusiones: La estimulación olfativa del sistema olfatorio principal (almendra) y accesorio (hembra receptiva) incrementa la producción de proteína Fos en la capa granular de la corteza cerebelar del vermis de ratas macho sexualmente inexpertas

Introduction: The cerebellum has been linked to multiple functions, such as motor control, cognition, memory, and emotional processing. As for its involvement in the sensory systems, the role of the cerebellum in the sense of smell remains unclear. We suggest that sexually naive male rats will present increased neuronal activity in the cerebellar vermis after being stimulated with almond odour or oestrous odour from receptive females. Methods: We compared activity in the cerebellar vermis using Fos immunoreactivity after olfactory stimulation. Stimulation took place during 60 min in a cube-shaped acrylic chamber with a double bottom. Stimuli were clean woodchip bedding, bedding with almond extract, and bedding taken from a cage of receptive females. Male rats were subsequently anaesthetised with intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbital. Cerebellar tissue was fixed with paraformaldehyde for later immunohistochemical analysis. Results: The number of Fos immunoreactive cells in all lobes of the cerebellar vermis was similar between groups stimulated with almond extract and with oestrous odour, and higher than in the clean woodchip group. Conclusions: Stimulation of the main olfactory system (almond) and the accessory system (oestrous odour) increases Fos protein production in the granular layer of the cortex of the cerebellar vermis in naive male rats

Envejecimiento activo y desigualdades de género / Active ageing and gender inequalities

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Trastornos de identidad sexual y violencia / Violence and disorders of gender identity

La sexualidad forma parte de la personalidad. No solo incluye al sexo, sino también al género. Se plantea que alrededor de los tres años el niño se identifica desde lo psicológico con pertenecer a un sexo, lo cual no depende de la educación recibida. En psiquiatría los trastornos de identidad de género o sexual, se definen por la no coincidencia entre el sexo biológico, social y psicológico. A pesar de considerarse un trastorno, se reconoce como formas diferentes de expresar la diversidad sexual. La violencia, de forma general, es reconocida como un problema de salud, es una forma de ejercer el poder. La renuncia a la masculinidad hegemónica que hacen los transexuales y travestis, pudiera ser un elemento entre otros tantos para que este grupo sea víctima de violencia, por tal motivo se exploró sobre las manifestaciones de violencia en un grupo de hombres travestis y transexuales. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo en un grupo de 25 hombres. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron la observación participante y la construcción de 5 historias de vida. El grupo estuvo constituido por hombres travestidos con edades entre los 18 y 41 años, procedentes en su mayoría de la capital. Con una escolaridad media, sin vínculo laboral estable, conviven casi todos con su familia de origen, con reconocimiento de necesidad de uso de ropa y otras manifestaciones femeninas desde temprana edad. La violencia se manifestó por parte de la familia, la sociedad y las parejas, siendo la violencia psicológica una constante en el grupo estudiado.

Sexuality is an inherent aspect of personality. It does not include only sex but also gender .It is stated that children of about three years old can identify themselves from the psychological point of view with gender, which that not depend on the education received. The disorders of gender or sexual identity are known on psychiatry as the lack of coincidence among gender (biological sex), social sex and psychological sex .Though this lack of coincidence is considered as a disorder, it is also recognize as different forms to express the sexual diversity. In general, violence is recognized as a health problem, it is ways to exert power.The renounce that transsexuals and transvestites do to their hegemonic masculinity could be for this group an element among others to become them victims of violence. Due to this fact, we did an investigation about the manifestations of violence on a group of transsexuals and transvestites men. A qualitative study was done on a group of 25 men. The techniques applied in this study were the taking part in observation and the construction of 5 life stories. The group was formed by transvestites (males) aged 18 to 41, mainly from the capital city, having middle academic level and without having a regular work. Almost, all of them live with their family of origin and their acknowledgement of clothes needs and female manifestations since early age. Violence was manifested by family members, society and couples. The psychologist violence was the permanent aspect in the studied group.

Trastornos de identidad sexual y violencia / Violence and disorders of gender identity

La sexualidad forma parte de la personalidad. No solo incluye al sexo, sino también al género. Se plantea que alrededor de los tres años el niño se identifica desde lo psicológico con pertenecer a un sexo, lo cual no depende de la educación recibida. En psiquiatría los trastornos de identidad de género o sexual, se definen por la no coincidencia entre el sexo biológico, social y psicológico. A pesar de considerarse un trastorno, se reconoce como formas diferentes de expresar la diversidad sexual. La violencia, de forma general, es reconocida como un problema de salud, es una forma de ejercer el poder. La renuncia a la masculinidad hegemónica que hacen los transexuales y travestis, pudiera ser un elemento entre otros tantos para que este grupo sea víctima de violencia, por tal motivo se exploró sobre las manifestaciones de violencia en un grupo de hombres travestis y transexuales. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo en un grupo de 25 hombres. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron la observación participante y la construcción de 5 historias de vida. El grupo estuvo constituido por hombres travestidos con edades entre los 18 y 41 años, procedentes en su mayoría de la capital. Con una escolaridad media, sin vínculo laboral estable, conviven casi todos con su familia de origen, con reconocimiento de necesidad de uso de ropa y otras manifestaciones femeninas desde temprana edad. La violencia se manifestó por parte de la familia, la sociedad y las parejas, siendo la violencia psicológica una constante en el grupo estudiado(AU)

Sexuality is an inherent aspect of personality. It does not include only sex but also gender .It is stated that children of about three years old can identify themselves from the psychological point of view with gender, which that not depend on the education received. The disorders of gender or sexual identity are known on psychiatry as the lack of coincidence among gender (biological sex), social sex and psychological sex .Though this lack of coincidence is considered as a disorder, it is also recognize as different forms to express the sexual diversity. In general, violence is recognized as a health problem, it is ways to exert power.The renounce that transsexuals and transvestites do to their hegemonic masculinity could be for this group an element among others to become them victims of violence. Due to this fact, we did an investigation about the manifestations of violence on a group of transsexuals and transvestites men. A qualitative study was done on a group of 25 men. The techniques applied in this study were the taking part in observation and the construction of 5 life stories. The group was formed by transvestites (males) aged 18 to 41, mainly from the capital city, having middle academic level and without having a regular work. Almost, all of them live with their family of origin and their acknowledgement of clothes needs and female manifestations since early age. Violence was manifested by family members, society and couples. The psychologist violence was the permanent aspect in the studied group(AU)

Changes in anthropometry with testosterone therapy in a female with gender identity disorder.

A 31-year-old regularly menstruating Japanese female was referred to our outpatient clinic by a psychiatrist. She had been diagnosed as having gender identity disorder by detailed counseling and clinical intervention 3 years earlier. After obtaining fully informed written consent, we treated her with 125 mg of testosterone enanthate, intramuscularly, every 2 weeks for 4 months. Serum testosterone levels increased to the normal male value (from 28 to 432 ng/dL). Although menstrual cycle remained regular, her voice became lower after 4 months of therapy. Body weight, body mass index, and lean body mass increased, while body fat mass and percentage of body fat decreased. However, trunk-leg fat ratio did not change during the observation period. During testosterone therapy, a disproportionate increase in lean body mass and decrease in body fat mass are early onset events, while the shift toward upper body fat distribution may be a late onset event along with increase in BMD.